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2007-06-01SEM

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病毒营销的起源和基本原理

病毒性营销并非真的以传播病毒的方式开展营销,而是通过用户的口碑宣传网络,信息像病毒一样传播和扩散,利用快速复制的方式传向数以千计、数以百万计的受众。病毒性营销已经成为网络营销最为独特的手段,被越来越多的网站成功利用。
  1996年,Sabeer Bhatia 和 Jack Smith 率先创建了一个基于WEB的免费邮件服务,即现在为微软公司所拥有的著名的Hotmail.com。许多伟大的构思或产品并不一定能产生征服性的效果,有时在快速发展阶段就夭折了,而Hotmail 之所以获得爆炸式的发展,就是由于被称为”病毒性营销”的催化作用。
  当时,Hotmail提出的病毒性营销方法是颇具争议性的,为了给自己的免费邮件做推广,Hotmail在邮件的结尾处附上:”P.S. Get your free Email at Hotmail”,因为这种自动附加的信息也许会影响用户的个人邮件信息,后来Hotmail将”P.S.”去掉,将强行插入的具有广告含义的文字去掉,不过邮件接收者仍然可以看出发件人是Hotmail的用户,每一个用户都成了Hotmail的推广者,这种信息于是迅速在网络用户中自然扩散。
  这就是病毒性营销的经典范例。这种营销手段其实并不复杂,下面是基本程序:(1)提供免费Email地址和服务;(2)在每一封免费发出的信息底部附加一个简单标签:”Get your private, free Email at http://www.hotmail.com “;(3)然后,人们利用免费Email向朋友或同事发送信息;(4)接收邮件的人将看到邮件底部的信息;(5)这些人会加入使用免费Email服务的行列; (6)Hotmail提供免费Email的信息将在更大的范围扩散。
  美国著名的电子商务顾问 Ralph F. Wilson 博士将一个有效的病毒性营销战略归纳为六项基本要素,一个病毒性营销战略不一定要包含所有要素,但是,包含的要素越多,营销效果可能越好。这六个基本要素是:(1)提供有价值的产品或服务;(2)提供无须努力地向他人传递信息的方式;(3)信息传递范围很容易从小向很大规模扩散;(4)利用公共的积极性和行为;(5)利用现有的通信网路;(6)利用别人的资源。
  病毒性营销与生物性的病毒不同,因为数字病毒可在国际间不受制约地迅速传播,而生物病毒往往需要直接接触或其它自然环境的作用才能传播。尽管受语言因素的限制,Hotmail的用户仍然分布在全球220多个国家,在瑞典和印度,Hotmail是最大的电子邮件服务提供商,尽管没有在这些国家做任何的推广活动。尽管Hotmail的战略并不复杂,但是,其他人要重复利用这种方法,却很难取得同样辉煌的效果,因为这种雪球效应往往只对第一个使用者才具有杠杆作用。

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